Writing-review and editing: Heon-Jeong Lee, Chul-Hyun Cho, Yujin Lee, Jaegwon Jeong.SEOUL - South Korean erotic drama Obsessed topped the local box office over the weekend, bringing in $5.2 million, according to the Korean Film Council. Validation: Heon-Jeong Lee, Chul-Hyun Cho, Yujin Lee, Jaegwon Jeong. Supervision: Heon-Jeong Lee, Chul-Hyun Cho, Yujin Lee. Methodology: Heon-Jeong Lee, Jaegwon Jeong. Investigation: Heon-Jeong Lee, Chul-Hyun Cho, Yujin Lee, Jaegwon Jeong. Formal analysis: Heon-Jeong Lee, Chul-Hyun Cho, Yujin Lee, Jaegwon Jeong. The authors have no potential conflicts of interest to disclose.Ĭonceptualization: Heon-Jeong Lee. This study was supported by the Korea Health 21 R&D Project, funded by the National Research Foundation of Korea (2017M3 A9F1031220). Further studies are needed to explain the link between the circadian genes and obsessive-compulsive behavior. In conclusion, this study is the first to reveal an association between circadian gene ( ARNTL and PER3) variants and obsessive-compulsive behaviors in a Korean population. Statistical analysis Statistical analysis
Among a total of 292 participants, 274 were classified into the non-obsessive group and 18 into the obsessive group. We determined the cutoff of the MOCI total score for the obsessive group as 17, based on two standard deviations from the mean total score in healthy controls recruited from our study because the original study did not suggest it. All participants completed the Korean translation of the MOCI and were classified into two groups based on their total MOCI score. The Korean version has shown to have good internal consistency, good test-retest reliability, good discrimination, and convergent validity.
Four of the items contribute to the score on two of the subscales. Based on thirty items, the following four clinical subscales have been constructed: checking (9 items), cleaning (11 items), delay (7 items), and suspicion (7 items). MOCI is a self-reporting questionnaire with dichotomized scores (“present” or “not present”), yielding a maximum MOCI total score of thirty. Obsessive behaviors were measured by a single administration of a 30-item Korean translation of the Maudsley Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory (MOCI), one of the psychological tests most commonly used for assessing obsessive and compulsive symptoms. Obsessive behavior assessment Obsessive behavior assessment
Melting profiles were analyzed with Precision Melt Analysis TM Software (Bio-Rad Laboratories Inc., Hercules, CA, USA). After an initial step of 95☌/10 sec and 65☌/10 sec, melting curves were generated from 65☌ to 95☌ in increments of 0.3☌/cycle. The amplification protocol started with 98☌/3 min followed by 39 cycles of 98☌/10 sec and 58☌/20 sec. Reaction mixtures included 1.5 μL of genomic DNA as template, 200 mM of each primer, 1X SsoFast TM EvaGreen ® Supermix (Bio-Rad Laboratories Inc., Hercules, CA, USA), and sterile H 2O. PCR was performed in a volume of 20 μL per reaction with a 96-well Bio-Rad CFX 96 Real-Time PCR system (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA). Genotyping for five other circadian gene SNPs was performed by high-resolution melting curve analysis. These findings suggest that an underlying circadian disturbance may contribute to OCD symptoms and OCD itself. Higher latitude and fewer hours of light exposure have been associated with increased OCD prevalence. Furthermore, eveningness, defined as the tendency to be most active and alert during the evening, also appears to contribute to the development of OCD symptoms. Seasonal affective disorder is also more prevalent in OCD patients, and obsessive symptoms appear to have seasonal fluctuation. Delayed sleep phase disorder is known to be more prevalent in severe OCD patients. Delayed bedtimes are also associated with increased OC symptoms. Difference in sleep behavior (i.e., reduced total sleep time, increased awakening after sleep onset, extended sleep onset latency) and in sleep architecture have been reported in OCD patients compared to healthy individuals. Disruption of circadian regulation of body temperature and hormonal levels has been observed in those with OCD.